Write descriptive essay
Thursday, August 27, 2020
I am a man more sinned against than sinning III.2.59-60 Essay Example
I am a man more trespassed against than erring III.2.59-60 Essay How much do you concur with Lears proclamation above? Talk about Lears job in the play and investigate his excursion from dictator to quietude and death.Interpreting Lears own examination of his circumstance, in that he is a man more trespassed against than erring (Act 3, scene 2) is hazardous. Up until this point, and all through the play, the portrayal of Lear has been especially mind boggling. He is, in actuality a lamentable legend who energizes an assortment of reactions from a group of people. Lear has been introduced to the crowd as neither entirely underhanded, in that it tends to be contended that he is enduring unjustifiably, nor entirely great, in that his sufferings are totally undeserved. Lear exhibits both great and awful characteristics to a degree, and it is conceivable to state that Lear is neither meriting nor undeserving of his sufferings in a clear manner. This paper will along these lines evaluate clashing perspectives identifying with the first explanation, and in investigating the proof, will exhibit the degree to which I concur with the statement.It is conceivable to state that Lear is meriting his sufferings to a degree, and that he is currently receiving the benefits of his egotism, madness and silliness. One pundit of the lay, William Rosen notes in How Do We Judge King Lear? in Criticism, Vol. XIV, No. 3, Summer, 1972, pp. 207-26.Initially Lear is imperious, vain, and reluctant to consider any viewpoint other than his own Such characteristics are introduced plainly to the crowd in the opening of the play, when it is especially obvious that Lear is just encountering the sufferings that he has forced upon himself through his own indiscretion. In Act 1, Lear shows numerous characteristics intended to distance and stun the crowd. Truth be told, Lear is the primary character the crowd are urged to detest. Rash and self-important, Lear acts like a domineering tyrant instead of a capable King and Father.As soon as the crowd are acquainted w ith Lear, he portrays the ridiculous love test he will complete so as to split his realm. What ought to generally be a troublesome and genuine undertaking for the ruler is apparently dismissed as Lear embraces a technique more reasonable for complimenting his own inner self than judging who can best administer the state. Lear addresses which of you will say doth love us most? (Act 1, scene 1.) The crowd observers Lears preposterous and narcissistic test whereby his little girls openly lay case regarding who cherishes their dad more with expectations of picking up the biggest extent of land.This translation of Lear is additionally fortified by his disturbing inclination to pass judgment on as a matter of first importance on appearances and his articulate visual deficiency to the real world. Tricked by his own feeling of pride, he savors Goneril and Regans shallow and exquisite addresses. He is excited by Gonerils misrepresented and significantly amusing case that she adores him past what can be esteemed, rich or uncommon. (Act 1 scene 1) However, upon Cordelias legit, plain, yet no less significant proclamations and refusal to take an interest, Lear loses his temper and acts like a despot, carrying on preposterously, egotistically and irrationally.He expels not just Cordelia his top choice, and incidentally the main little girl who holds any veritable love and sympathy for him, yet in addition Kent, his generally steadfast, trusted and already most exceptionally regarded worker, for those characters the crowd can see, are so clearly degenerate. Since Cordelia would not comply with her Fathers crazy desires he abandoned her, essentially in light of the fact that his own pride endured a blow, not in light of any certified malignant goals. Lear acted terribly towards Cordelia, embarrassing, annoying, and breaking the common parental bonds with the main little girl who held any kind of certifiable sympathy for him. Such madness, Lears expulsion and disownment of no t one but rather two real and levelheaded characters mean to the crowd that such shades of malice can't go unchecked, and Lear will encounter extraordinary sufferings for his silly conduct later on. It is this conduct in Scene 1, that we can say is Lears greatest sin.It is very conceivable, that the sisters monstrous conduct towards their dad is to a degree, legitimized, by the manner by which Lear has acted toward them. It is apparent that Lear has supported Cordelia above Goneril and Regan since youth. Such shamefulness and disregard from Lear towards the sisters has without a doubt added to their own absence of steadfastness towards their dad, and ensuing treatment of him. Such a need to go up against the most loved youngster so as to pick up adoration for their dad have in reasonableness, have generally, formed the characters of Goneril and Regan. From youth they maybe have borne hatred and disappointments at the inclinations of Lear and it is doubtful that the sisters activitie s and at last Lears sufferings are simply the results of what he has created.The sisters, incapable to get what ought to have been given genuinely, not earned, which was their dads love, as I would like to think, have formed their capacity eager and heartless natures. What in actuality they exhibit is maybe not completely unjustified, yet significantly human characteristics in their endeavors to pick up riches and influence, and hence it is sketchy the degree to which we can censure them for it. This point is additionally fortified in Act 2 scene 4, when Lear, despairingly attempts futile to persuade them regarding his need to keep his train, he helps them to remember what they own him. I gave all of you. Which is quickly undermined by Regans prompt reaction of And in great time you gave it, meaning her conspicuous feeling of disappointment of her Fathers conduct all through her life.When investigating Lears examination that he is more trespassed against from erring starting here of view is clearly defective, in that Lear surely has now and again mishandled his capacity, dismissed his kids and excessively worried about his own feeling of significance, was oblivious to the truth. Anyway evident this might be, it is additionally conceivable to state that we can truth be told, now and again distinguish and feel for Lear as he advances down the way of self revelation and revival. One pundit, Arnold Kettle, in Literature and Liberation: Selected papers, 1998 Is of the conclusion that Lears story is the advancement from being a King to taking care of business, no more, no less. The accompanying will investigate this sentiment further.Lear brings out our compassion when he shows his better characteristics In Act 2. His employing of Caius shows that Lear rouses dedication, and his cooperation with the Fool shows a milder, increasingly open minded side to his tendency. We additionally appreciate, to a degree his assurance to try to avoid panicking when he believes he i s being wronged I have seen a most black out disregard recently which I have preferably accused as mine own envious interest over as a very falsification and reason for harshness. (Act 1, Scene 4) Lear is happy to assume the best about Goneril, obviously this quiet side could conceivable be because of his consciousness of his loss of intensity. In the following scene nonetheless, Lear understands his silliness in his treatment of Cordelia.With this new knowledge and developing difficulties, our anxiety for Lear develops as we witness him persistently being cheated and disregarded. We start to share his shock at Goneril and Regan, for their conduct towards him. His contentions with Goneril in Scene 4 are not the boastful ravings seen in scene one, but instead contentions of franticness and shortcoming, weakness as opposed to power. We witness his real stun at his acknowledgment of his silliness which thusly inspires our tenderness just as urging us to censure Gonerils conduct towards her dad. Lear surveys the circumstance befittingly, expressing that it is more keen than a snakes tooth, to have a difficult kid (Act 1, scene 4)In the accompanying Act we witness a further destruction in the authority of Lear with the discipline of Caius in Act 2, scene 2. Lear has shown up at Gloucesters mansion and has found the disgrace (line 6) of discovering Kent, his worker in stocks. This frightens the King, and it is verification that he is proceeding to be treated with scorn. However, when come clean he is reluctant to accept that his girl could be liable for this wrongdoing against him. This visually impaired confidence in his little girl makes us feel sorry for him even more, as we are aware of her actual expectations, which adequately mounts our aversion for Goneril and Regan even more. What is uncovered here is Regan and Cornwalls malevolent and pitiless natures.The state of mind and tone of this scene has moved, showing Lears expanding mental solidness. Lears unrest and weeps for friendship are obvious to the crowd, thus we feel even more angry at the inhumanity of Regan in her express blankness for her dads languishing. Lear in this scene is introduced to us as an old, edgy man. One in which we can without much of a stretch vibe emotion towards in his conspicuous thrashing. At the point when Cornwall and Regan show up he is desolate and grieved, finishing his first discourse with a shout out to his little girl O Regan! (line 132) Regan in any case, utilizes a similar sharp tone that Goneril utilized viably in Act 1 Scene 4. She discloses to her dad he should simply acknowledge his age and failings of judgment. Regan is very firm in her recommendation to come back to Goneril and implore her pardon.Lear is dumbfounded and is decreased to bowing to her in asking On my knees I ask that youll vouchsafe me garment, bed and food. Lear, beforehand amazing and regarded, is currently passed on to us as a frail elderly person, compelled to ask to his unc ompassionate little girl for cover. This sends an away from to the crowd of the Sisters, together energetic and incredible with merciless aspiration, are capable consolidated to raise an unexpected degree of ruckus. Such solid force is compared upon their going up against the old and pitiful Lear who remains solitary, completely weak, procuring the results of his absurd demonstration. Whats more terrible is that Lear is significantly additionally disparaged in that he is diminished to th
Saturday, August 22, 2020
School Shootings and Focus Group Research Paper
Acts of mass violence and Focus Group - Research Paper Example An examination of the conditions contiguous the issue is then directed to get the master plan: assessing the condition while focusing on chance or saw hazard, specialized multifaceted nature, locale, character of the contention, power of the contention, area degree and interests, geographic areas, financial references, media concerns, and the present open interviews. Issue definition: validation or modification of the principal nature, dynamic accuracy of the primer definition. There is a significant need to fathom and to assess different perspectives of all partners so as to communicate their interests. The standard of ââ¬Å"it is smarter to be generally right than definitely incorrectâ⬠rules this stage in order to decide by and large need for this issue. Over the most recent 20 years, open arrangement elites and teachers have been looked up to an alternative to receive the standard positivist methodology which depends on ratioâ nality, fairness, and cash matters for example Weimer and Vining (2004), or a post-positivist methodology dependent on legislative issues, partisanship, and libertarianism for example Anderâ son (2006). In their book Public Policy Praxis: A Case Approach for Understanding Policy and Analysis Clemons and McBeth (2009), embraced a blended methodology, in view of the improvement and preparing of cases. My contention is that; while the perspectives of the post-positivist of the facilitators are useful, have seen the most basic shortage in the development of the approach sciences, and have placed into account that approaches to triumph over the market preference of the social structures that remain enormously uninvestigated in the arrangement sciences, there has been little data on handle the contentions presen ted by the two perspectives which in some point repudiate one another. Studies surmise that people be familiar a very much spread out information on how they feel a supposition that
Friday, August 21, 2020
SIPA Office Closed for the Holidays COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog
SIPA Office Closed for the Holidays COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Mark your calendars. The SIPA Admissions Financial Aid Office will operate on limited hours starting this Friday. We will close at 1pm on Friday, December 21 and reopen on Wednesday, December 26 at 9am. Our office will also close early at 1pm on Friday, December 28 and resume normal office hours after the new year on Wednesday, January 2. We will have a small crew here Wednesday, December 26 to Friday, December 28 and will try to respond to all your questions in a timely manner. Thank you for your patience. And good luck with those applications. Have a safe and festive New Year!
Monday, May 25, 2020
Alzheimer s Disease The Neurological Thief - 822 Words
Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease: The Neurological Thief Ashley E. Campbell Psychology 210 October 31, 2015 Malvereen Harris Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease: The Neurological Thief It is a wicked disease that slowly steals our loved ones memories, independence and eventually their lives. While no one knows the exact cause of Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease, it is the leading cause of dementia related deaths to date. It was first described in 1906 by Alois Alzheimer, a German psychologist and neurologist. Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease is a neurological disorder in which brain cells die. This death of brain cells causes progressive decline in, behavioral and cognitive ability and most notably, loss of memory (Diseases and Conditions, 2014). There are several theories ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Diagnosis Determining that Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease is the cause of dementia usually begins by examining the patientââ¬â¢s cognitive and behavioral history over the span of years. Sudden onset of dementia is more likely the result of other issues such as head trauma, stroke, medication, etc. These can be ruled out by test such as brain scans, and blood/urine samples. Inherited disease, such as Huntington s disease, can be ruled out by a genetic test. Although molecular, functional and structural scans to look for amyloid plaques they cannot be used as a diagnostic tool but is extremely critical in ongoing research. Below are the criteria that are looked at during diagnosis of Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease. A patient with two or more of the physician listed symptoms are considered to have Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease. Symptoms include worsened memory, impaired reasoning skills, impaired visuospatial ability, impaired communication, and changes in personality/behavior. (Diseases and Conditions , 2014). Treatment and Research Diagnosis can be at any stage of Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease. The earlier the diagnosis, the better the patient and care takers can prepare a proper treatment plan and monitor progression. Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease may be treated with various drugs to help with cognitive symptoms such as cholinesterase inhibitors. Non-chemical treatments are used help with behavioral symptoms such as allowing
Thursday, May 14, 2020
Literature Review - 772 Words
The articleââ¬â¢s title to this study gives a very broad and catching description of a subject that has been going since the early 2000ââ¬â¢s. However, this study takes a different approach by limiting the data to Computed Tomography results. While it does state that there are variables (diverse effects), the title itself does not go into depth on these and thus does not limit the scope of the variables. Regarding the population in this study, this is addressed in the title (Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury). This allows the study to be broad and does not limit it do a set demographic group such as adults versus children or men versus women. Abstract The abstract is presented in a manner that allows for inclusion of the main areas ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The protection of the patients is addressed in this section. All patients had written informed consent from the person(s) who had the current legal authority to make medical decisions on their behalf. The population and sample of this study included those between the ages of 15 and 69 to include both sexes. The design of this study was to determine the neurological outcome of the study by using a series of analysis and blind controlled assessments. This was conducted over multiply locations within the study. The measurements and collection of data was to achieve a targeted temperature after the start of the brain injury. This timeframe was to be done within 6 hours. Hemodynamic temperatures were recorded over many hours. A total of 150 patients with Traumatic Brain Injuries received one course or the other of the treatments. This was done in a 2:1 ratio, ultimately leadi ng to 88 patients treated with hypothermia and 47 treated with fever control. A total of 9 patients had to be removed from the study do to other factors. The following factors were measured and compared between the groups: Glasgow Coma Score, Intercranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, favorable outcome rate and mortality rate. Results The results from this study are done in a quantitative method. These results span over a total of six tables that are included in the text. The first table breaks down theShow MoreRelatedEssay Literature Review1001 Words à |à 5 PagesLiterature Review The purpose of this research project is for you to create a scholarly piece of graduate-level research and writing, which conforms to APA format. Competency in the APA format is required of all Business graduates of Liberty University, as set forth by policy of both the Graduate Faculty and the administration. You will research and write a literature review on a topic relevant to our course. 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Providing background information can help to demonstrate the importance of a topic, and can help to establish understanding of a subject or issue. An effective literature review also provides a space to elaborate on future work to be done on aRead MoreHrd Audit Literature Review683 Words à |à 3 PagesLiterature Review If you believe everything you read, better not read. (Japanese Proverb) [pic] What is a literature review? A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic in the past. Its purpose is to inform the reader what has been established about a topic and what the strengths and weaknesses are. A literature review must be defined by a guiding concept and should not be a list of all the material that you can find (Porter, S. 2008, p.49). What isRead MoreA Literature Review : The Walden University Library Essay1070 Words à |à 5 PagesA literature review is an interpretation of arrays of circulating articles written by the scholar-authorsââ¬â¢ of researchers related to several topics. A literature search for evidence-based research can be overpowering. The Walden University library illuminates on the superlative quality of evidence-based research and which databases to utilize with research searches. Filtered resources are the superlative quality of studies related to evidence-based practice and encompasses systemic reviews, criticallyRead MoreThe Impact Of Telemedicine On Health, A Systematic Literature Review1530 Words à |à 7 PagesIntroduction To evaluate and study the impact of telemedicine in health, a systematic literature review was conducted. An electronic research through the University of Maryland library was done the articles selected dated from 2000 to 2014. A total of 12 articles was reviewed that dealt with clinical outcomes, efficacy, patient and provider satisfaction. Telemedicine as an emerging field can greatly improve the outcomes of healthcare thus resulting in decrease the delivery cost of healthcare. WhileRead MoreLiterature Review : The Class Collage By Jeff Sommers1503 Words à |à 7 Pagesexploitationâ⬠by Matt Zwolinski is about the ethical questions that are raised about the moral claim of the conditions in sweatshop that are accepted by choice and exploited for gains. These two peered review articles both shows some common similarity and a minute different between the two Identification Both peer-review articles use MLA citation. They both have a lengthy work cited pages/ references at the end of the article. The citations are alphabetically put in order and the citation itself is shown byRead MoreReview Of Formative Fictions : Imaginative Literature And The Training Of The Capacities `` Essay2185 Words à |à 9 PagesNayiri Khatchadourian HNRS 63W Prof. Bruce Stone 6 June 2017 The Consequence of Reading Fiction In his essay â⬠Formative Fictions: Imaginative Literature and the Training of the Capacitiesâ⬠, Joshua Landy, professor at Stanford University, aims to explain the function of fiction and the reward of our engagement with literary works. Landy highlights three theories of the function of fiction: the exemplary branch, which invites the reader to consider characters as models for emulation or avoidance,Read MoreReview Of Literature Review On Literature Essay2370 Words à |à 10 PagesChapter - 4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Literature survey is undertaken to study and analyze the finding of other researcher in their studies that are related to the subject under consideration. A research literature review, as a process, is a systematic, explicit, and reproducible method for identifying, evaluating and synthesizing the existing body of completed and recorded work produced by researchers, scholars and practitioners (Fink, 2010). As a noun, literature review is an organizedRead MoreLiterature Review793 Words à |à 4 PagesU02a1 Building Your Literature Review Plan: Part One - Sheila Darden The plan to collect and organize literature that explains the history of retention starts with the collections of scholarly, peer reviewed articles that provide insight to the history of retention. The literature will be organized alphabetically at first then to gain a better insight into the history of retention the collections of scholarly, peer review articles will be organized according to the date they were published. The
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Essay about ansel adams - 1072 Words
Ansel Adams photographer and artist Until the 19th century most artwork was created in a two or three-dimensional media. In England, William Fox discovered a technique that allowed camera images to be captured on paper. This medium has evolved since Foxââ¬â¢s discovery in 1839 to a serious and viable form of art today. Photography allows the artist to capture what he sees. The image produced is reality to the artists eye, it can only be manipulated with light and angles. The photograph is a very powerful medium. The French painter Paul Delaroche exclaimed upon seeing an early photograph ââ¬Å"from now on, painting is dead!â⬠(Sayre, 2000). Many critics did not take photography seriously as a legitimate art form until the 20th century. With theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The group concentrated on form and texture. The group translated scale and detail into organic, sometimes abstract design (Jacobs, 1995). In 1935, Adams published his first book, Making a Photograph. Six years later, his Zone System was formulated. The Zone System introduced a way for the professional and amateur photographers to determine and control the exposure and development of prints for maximum visual acuity (Jacobs, 1995). The Zone System marked his first efforts at public education on photography. Adams felt a sense of duty to share his knowledge of nature and photography. ââ¬Å"â⬠¦[Adams] was master teacher as well as a master photographerâ⬠(Schaefer, 1992). He wrote many books and taught students his art. Adams technical ability in the darkroom was magical. He set the standard for black and white printing. His discriminating taste and meticulously produced prints continue to amaze current generations twenty-five years after his death. Adams was an experimenter and a modernist with his camera. Adams cherished the times he spent on vacation in Yosemite with his family. He spent part of his life teaching others how to capture the panoramic beauty of our national parks. In 1940 he taught his first of many workshops ââ¬Å"The U.S. Camera Photographic Forumâ⬠in Yosemite with Edward Weston (Capa, 1986). As Adams work came to the public eye, his skills and artistic visions were sought by many. Life magazine who gave photographers theirShow MoreRelated Ansel Adams Essay1036 Words à |à 5 PagesCalifornia, Ansel Easton Adams was the only child of New England parents, Charles Hitchcock and Olive Adams. Adams father was a businessman, whose company included an insurance agency and chemical plant. Ansel took an interest in music at an early age. He selfly taught himself how to play the piano, and he enjoyed being around the surroundings of nature. Ansel attended both public and private school. At home his father gave him lessons in math and French. amp;#9;In 1915 when Ansel was 13, hisRead More Ansel Adams Essay1404 Words à |à 6 Pages Ansel Easton Adams, born in 1902 in San Francisco, USA, to Charles and Olive Adams. At the age of twelve, it was obvious that school is not the place for Ansel, the confinement imposed by the classroom and teachers, was a lot more than he could stand, you can say that it was above his threshold. This caused him to deliberately burst in laughter repeatedly in the classroom in an attempt to perhaps undermine the authority that teachers have in the classroom. The repetition of these bursts of laughterRead MoreAnsel Adams : Photographer And Environmentalist1093 Words à |à 5 PagesAnsel Adams: Photographer Environmentalist ââ¬Å"Ansel Adams was one of the great photographers of this century. He was one of the best loved spokesmen for the obligations we owe to the natural world,â⬠said John Szarkowski, director emeritus of the Department of Photography, Museum of Modern Art (USA Today Magazine, 66). Indeed, Adams dual role of photographer and environmentalist were unique yet intertwined and created a lasting impact on the world. Born in San Francisco to a wealthy family, AdamsRead MoreAnsel Adams Half Dome1010 Words à |à 5 Pagesessay on one of Ansel Adams most famous photographs from his long and successful career titled Half Dome. The photograph of Half Dome medium of the photograph is black and white. Ansel Adams in my opinion is one of the greatest photographers of all time. I believe his photographs are a work of art. Ansel Adams was a true visual genius with a camera, he went to a location set up his camera and the end result was always perfect. When I look at a photograph that was taken by Ansel Adams I feel at easeRead MoreThe Impact of Ansel Adams - Paper2219 Words à |à 9 PagesThe Impact of Ansel Adams The evolution of photography, from the very beginning to the modern technology we have today, is largely due to a few select specialists that took the matter into their own hands. Many discoveries were made about photography during the late 1800ââ¬â¢s and into the 1900ââ¬â¢s, but none greater than the discoveries of Ansel Adams. Ansel Adams made a huge impact on photography because of his technological advances, environmental work, and how he won the hearts of many with hisRead MoreThe Impact Of Ansel Adams On The Conservation Movement4007 Words à |à 17 Pages Assess the impact of Ansel Adams as an influential figure in the conservation movement Intro Americaââ¬â¢s National Parks are deeply indebted to the American photographer Ansel Adams. Through his masterful photography, he turned Yosemite National Park into an American icon. Ansel spent the majority of his life fighting for the National Parks through intense political activism. He was a key figure in conservation in the United States, beginning in a time when environmental conservation was a rare conceptRead MoreAnsel Adams Photographer and Artist Essay example1128 Words à |à 5 PagesAnsel Adams photographer and artist Until the 19th century most artwork was created in a two or three-dimensional media. In England, William Fox discovered a technique that allowed camera images to be captured on paper. This medium has evolved since Foxs discovery in 1839 to a serious and viable form of art today. Photography allows the artist to capture what he sees. The image produced is reality to the artists eye, it can only be manipulated with light and angles. The photograph is a veryRead MoreAnsel Adams s Influence On The Performance Of A Musical Score1359 Words à |à 6 PagesAnsel Adams was born February 1902 and died in April 1984. His life began in San Francisco, California. Growing up Adams was quite creative, such as teaching himself the piano, according to Lamar (1998, p.3), ââ¬Å"Adams became a serious pianist as a child. Later, he would argue for the connections between music and photography, calling attention to the importance of tonal gradations and likening the printing of a negative to the performance of a musical scoreâ⬠. In 1916 his passion for photography beganRead MoreAnalysis Of Ansel Adams A Picture Is Worth A Thousand Words2375 Words à |à 10 Pagesphotographer that took this journey with his art was Ansel Adams. At a very young age he felt a spiritual connection and inspiration with Yosemite and the Sierra Nevada country. He honed his talent and technique as a photographer to capture that power and inspiration so that it radiated from his final prints. As people observed his prints, they were moved and in turn provided power to protect the majesty of the wilderness that Ansel so loved. Adams was an only child to his parents and his father ââ¬Å"moldedRead MoreAnsel Adams : The Most Important Landscape Photographer Of The Twentieth Century1779 Words à |à 8 PagesAnsel Adams was born in 1902 in San Francisco, California. He is considered the most important landscape photographer of the twentieth century. His artwork has increased in popularity ever since his death. Adams devoted his work to the countryââ¬â¢s untouched fragments of wilderness, such as national parks and other protected areas in the American west. Adams was also very involved in the conservation movement. In 1906, an aftershock from one of the largest earthquakes to ever hit San Francisco Ansel
Tuesday, May 5, 2020
Scenario Based Ethical Dilemma
Question: Discuss about the Scenario Based Ethical Dilemma. Answer: Introduction: Health professionals working in health care setting often encounter ethical dilemma while providing treatment to patients with different illness and health issues. To keep a check on ethical issues arising in health care setting, all health professionals are informed about the code of ethics based on key ethical principles and theories (Doherty Purtilo, 2015). Applications of these ethical values in difficult scenarios helps in solving ethical dilemma in practice and control certain behavior in health care to maintain integrity in health care service (Lillemoen Pedersen, 2013). This essay looks into the scenario of Ms. X, a 42 year old female who has been brought to the hospital in a critical condition and requires emergency surgery following severe motor vehicle accident. It discusses the main ethical issues involved in the scenario and takes a stand on the appropriate application of ethical principles and theories to solve the problem. In the scenario of Ms. X, it has been found that as she is in a critical condition after severe motor vehicle accident, she needs immediate emergency surgery. The tragic news for Ms. X is that her husband child did not survive the accident and she has not been informed about it. However, the ethical dilemma in the situation is that before surgery, patients consent for surgery is important, but Ms. X has refused to sign the consent form unless she is informed about the condition of her loved ones. She is very hysterical and asking repeatedly about them. The clinicians cannot avoid the surgery also because without surgery her chances of survival are grim. Therefore, these scenarios presents the clinician with many ethical dilemmas and decide whether Ms. X should be informed about the death of her husband and child or whether the health professional should give the wrong information to Ms. X to take her consent for surgery. By taking both step, the core principles of ethical practice is denied and thinking on strategies to tackle such situation is important. The key principles of health care ethics are related to that of autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and veracity. The principle of non-maleficence relates to the duty of health professionals not to harm or cause injury to patients intentionally (Faden et al., 2013). This means that they need to follow standard of care practice to minimize any risk to patients during the surgery. However, in the case of Ms. X, several condition is arising which might worsen her situation- first is the disclosure of death of her family members to her and the patients refusal for the surgery which might risk her survival chances. In such situation, the clinician needs to decide on strategies to handle the situation in a way that minimizes the pain and suffering of Ms. X. Autonomy is another principle in health care ethics by which health professionals need to respect the autonomy of patients and practice on the basis of informed consent to facilitate physician/ patient interaction (Reach, 2014). Although it is the physicians duty to respect the autonomous choice of patients in treatment, however it is also their duty to prevent patients from any harm in treatment. In the scenario of Ms. X, the main dilemma for the physician is that there is a conflict between principle of autonomy and the principle of beneficence (Kaplan, Cranston, Saver, 2015). According to autonomy principle, the physician should disclose about the Ms. X husbands and childs death to her, but this may also further deteriorate her conditions. However if the physician disclose the news to her, she might deny the surgery totally. In that case, the principle of beneficence will be violated and balancing autonomy and beneficence become challenging (Kaplan, Cranston, Saver, 2015). Under this principle, the main duty of the health care provider is to take positive steps to provide benefit to the patients and eliminate any source of harm (Doherty Purtilo 2015). In this situation, the physician might have to prioritize one principle first based on the urgency of need to prevent any harm to Ms. X. As during illness, a patients usual freedom and judgment is diminished, it is best for the physician to think what is best for her in critical condition. As part of ethical responsibility in health care, physicians also need to demonstrate an element of fairness while making treatment decisions. This may include being aware of current laws and legislation related to treatment choices, equal distribution of resources and making everything available to patients at their prescribed time (Moaddab et al., 2015). A physician may need to practice distributive justice by dividing burdens and benefits on the basis of fairness in each action (Fleurbaey et al., 2013). In the case scenario, Ms X is constantly asking about her family after the motor vehicle accident. The physician cannot perform the surgery without her sign in consent form. In that case, if the physician works to respect the autonomy of patient and reveals the death of her family to Ms. X, she might totally deny the surgery. In that case, forcefully arranging for surgery will also be unethical and delay of surgery will mean low chance of her survival. Here also there is a conflict between autonomy and non-maleficence and the physician has the dilemma to take a fair decision to get better outcome for Ms. X. The deontology theory of ethics is also applicable to the case scenario and according to deontological ethics, the morality of the action is judged based on rules. Through this approach, the physician can decide the rightness and wrongness of each action to make the final decision (Herring, 2014).On the contrary, the consequentialism theory decides the wrongness and rightness of any act based on the consequences of any conduct (Sobhani et al., 2016). The deontology theory is based on moral absolutism and the physician of Ms. X can take her decision based on moral norms and core ethical values in health care practice. From detailed analysis of ethical dilemmas facing the physician of Ms. X, it can be said that the physician needs to take his final decision based on the best interest of patients. In that case, the most ethical course of action for the physician will be to give precedence to the principle of autonomy because without patients consent, the physician cannot proceed with the surgery. The physician needs to carefully disclose the news to patients and calm her emotions to make her accept the reality. In such situation also, the principle of non-maleficence and beneficence can be maintained and physician can slowly make her aware of the risk involved in delay of surgery. After this action, the patient may get prepared for the surgery and the best interest of patient will be preserved. Reference Doherty, R. F., Purtilo, R. B. (2015).Ethical dimensions in the health professions. Elsevier Health Sciences. Faden, R. R., Kass, N. E., Goodman, S. N., Pronovost, P., Tunis, S., Beauchamp, T. L. (2013). An ethics framework for a learning health care system: a departure from traditional research ethics and clinical ethics.Hastings Center Report,43(s1), S16-S27. 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Patient autonomy in chronic care: solving a paradox.Patient preference and adherence,8, 15. Sobhani, S., Ghasemian, A., Farzadfar, F., Mashhadinejad, H., Hejrani, B. (2016). Ethical Theories Used by Neurosurgery Residents to Make Decisions in Challenging Cases of Medical Ethics.Neuroethics,9(3), 253-261.
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