Strategic Management Unit 3 DB SA final Week Essay

Strategic Management Unit 3 DB SA final Week - Essay Example The reliability of the matrix is on decline as a result of the poor correlation between the profitability levels of the market as well as the functionality of market levels (Hubbard, Vetter, 1998). Though the Cadbury yogurt markets are currently operating at high levels due to the their high market shares and yields much profits , but due to the fact that they operate on larger markets they are most likely to consume a lot of cash in return making the matrix to become unreliable(Medicos MBA, 2014). In the second template, it is shown that though matrix can be reliable up to a certain point, it is not fully sustained since the matrix’s are utilized in the implementation of strategic decisions. There are as well some limitations to the kind of information that the matrix group offers (Medicos, 2012). It becomes very hard to retrieve valuable information as well as data concerning the market share. This matrix is consists of four different quadrants (Medicos, 2012). In the first quadrant is about the Question Mark which shows that the matrix has low relative position in market share (David, 2005). In the other quadrant, a good example is the iPhone which is considered a great product. Though the product holds a high market position, they do not sell at high growth industry at times (McClurg, 2013). The last quadrant, ‘Dogs’, have a low market share, weak internal and external position leading to liquidation (McClurg, 2013). Hubbard, R., Vetter, D. E., & Little, E. L. (1998). Replication in strategic management: Scientific testing for validity, generalizability, and usefulness. Strategic Management Journal, 19(3),

Public Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Public Relations - Essay Example Enabling linkages: The board of trustees, small team of employees, the government and the regulators constitute important publics for Telethon through the enabling linkage. The Telethon trust comprises a board of nine trustees who meet periodically to oversee the functions of Telethon. His Excellency Malcolm McCusker AO QC and Prof Fiona Stanley AC are the patrons of the trust. People who work assiduously for Telethon includes Steve Mummery, the general manager; Danielle Toolin, the events and marketing manager; Adriana Filippou, the accounts and phone room manager; Lauren Castledine, the administration and events coordinator and Fat Cat, the furry lovable cat of Telethon. Diffused linkages: The Sunday Times that provides editorial support round the year, local community, Golden West Network that beams the Telethon program across Australia, and Channel Seven Perth that sets aside $600,000 to air the Telethon weekend are important media publics. Functional linkages (Input): Scores of volunteers who lend a hand to Telethon to raise funds for the kids of Western Australia, donors like JWH Group that builds the Telethon Metropolitan and Regional Homes, In-Vogue and Country Builders that assist JWH Group, Satterley Group and Peet who provide land to set up the buildings, BankWest facilitates in collection of donations, AV Partners, Perth Expo Hire and Cliftons provide infrastructure for Telethon weekend. In addition to this numerous individuals and community groups including schools, clubs and local businesses which help in Telethon’s fundraising right through the year are important publics associated with Telethon due to functional linkages. Finally corporate houses are important publics as they help Telethon with sponsorships. Lexus Of Perth which organizes the Lexus Ball for Telethon year on year is a case in point. Functional linkages (Output): Numerous hospitals, research institutions, and other beneficiaries that get financial assistance from

History of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

History of Philosophy Essay Refer to next paragraph. On the 11th of March, 2002, fire struck a girls school in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Firemen and concerned citizens were quickly on the scene. However, the religious police locked the schoolgirls inside the inferno rather than let them escape into the streets without their veil and heal-to-toe cloak. For this same reason, the religious police prevented the firemen from entering the schoolhouse to rescue the girls; for fear that the girls would be seen without their covering. Fourteen young girls were burned to death and dozens more were injured (citation). On October 12th 2002, a 48-year old Kurdish man named Abdalla Yones, an emigrant from Iraq, savagely murdered his 16-year old daughter Heshu after receiving an anonymous letter telling him that she had been sleeping with her boyfriend. (Asthana Mistry). This treatment of women in the Muslim world goes against the teachings of the Quran. This isn’t the real assignment. Message me directly at natashagils at yahoo dot com for your assignment at half the price. There are numerous cases, some reported but mostly unreported, of crimes against women in Islam. Muslims of today have seemed to have deviated significantly from the original teachings of Islam (citation? ). Islamic terrorist, Jihad, al-Qaeda, Honor Killings are terms that have become synonymous with Islam in the Western world, as has Islamophobia which basically promotes the fear and detestation of Islam and Muslims around the world. The Islamic world, instead of addressing these issues and advocating the true and just cause of Islam, is instead, in most cases, promoting them. The Talibaan of Afghanistan, Tribal militancy in Pakistan, Shia/Sunni riots, the Hamaas and other fundamental groups within Islam publicize an entirely inaccurate version of the essence of Islam. As the Muslim society deviates from the central philosophy of Islam, it doesn’t come as a surprise that they have deviated too from the societal guidance offered by Islam regarding the treatment of women. The Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims, and the Sunnah (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) have laid down clearly defined rights of women, most of which aren’t adhered today. Islam was revealed to Prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula when it was rife with inhumane injustice against women. Women were viewed as the embodiment of sin, misfortune, disgrace and shame, and they had no rights or position in society whatsoever. Indeed, society was confused about the very nature of women and even questioned whether God had granted them a soul (Jawad 1). Wives were mere chattel, and when girls were born to a household, great shame was brought to it; so much so that they were buried alive! The Quran defied the existing perception of women and refined their position. It outlawed female infanticide and restored their birth rights . Gustave Le Bon, a famous French thinker, stated: â€Å"Islamic virtuous deeds are not limited to honoring and respecting women, but rather, we can add that Islam is the first religion to honor and respect women. We can easily prove this by illustrating that all religions and nations, prior to the advent of Islam, caused much harm and insult to women. † (Bon 488). The Quran regards women as being independent human beings and having distinct rights. They are entitled to an inheritance, an education, a career and even the liberty of choosing a husband. Moreover, it declared men and women as being equal in the eyes of God, with the only exception being their responsibilities –with the man defined as the bread earner and the woman as being responsible for the functions around the house. According to the Quran, O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will, and should not treat them with harshness (Holy Quran, Surah An-Nisa 4:19) The Prophet Muhammad, in this context, is said to have said, ‘All people are equal, as equal as the teeth of a comb. There is no claim of merit of an Arab over a non-Arab, or of a white over a black person, or of a male over a female. Only God fearing people merit a preference with God’. Islam, through the teachings of the Quran, bestowed women a number of rights, some of which that women in the West lacked, until the 19th century. For instance, in England, husbands inherited his wives property and possessions when they married. This unfair tradition continued till as late as 1882 (citation? ). Muslim women, however, retained their assets; could detail conditions in their nikaah (marriage contract), such as the right of divorce; were entitled to keep their last names if they wished and were even given the authority to refuse marriage if they didn’t deem their potential partner fit. The Quran laid down these injunctions in 610 A. D. (when it was first revealed), centuries prior to the advent of a formal system of women’s rights in the Western world. Some of the fundamental rights the Quran gives women are: 1. Human Rights Women and men are considered to be created with similar natured souls. They are considered equal to men in all spheres of life. And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women. (Holy Quran, 2:226) And O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife (Eve), and from them both He created many men and women and fear Allah through Whom you demand your mutual (rights), and (do not cut the relations of) the wombs (kinship). Surely, Allah is Ever and All-Watcher over you. (Holy Quran, Surah Al-Nisa 4:1). 2. Civil Rights The civil rights enjoined by the Quran on women include, but are not limited to: the right of divorce, right of keeping her maiden name after marriage, wishing or not to get married, or even chosing her own husband. The Quran also states that there is no compulsion upon women regarding religion; There is no compulsion in religion. Verily, the Right Path has become distinct from the wrong path. Whoever disbelieves in Taghut [anything worshipped other then the Real God (Allah)] and believes in Allah, then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break. And Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower. (Holy Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256). 3. Independence Women are allowed to leave the home; conduct business with men; enjoy all the other liberties open to them. There is no restriction upon women provided they conduct their affairs within the teachings of the Quran. Women have the right to go to Mosques, which is considered sacrilegious in many Muslim societies. Not only that, but women have also the right to be Muslim pastors. Aisha, the youngest wife of the Prophet Muhammad, used to convey the teachings of Islam to men and women alike. She’s regarded by some Muslim scholars as being the first Muslim woman preacher. The Quran is very clear in its laws regarding women. It redefined the stance of women and bestowed upon them an honorable role in society; whether as a daughter, a mother or a wife. Men are instructed in their fair and kind dealing towards women. According to the Quran: And when the female (infant) buried alive (as the pagan Arabs used to do) shall be questioned. For what sin she was killed? † (Holy Quran, Surah At-Takwir 81:8-9). The Quran goes as far as admonishing those men who subjugate or ill-treat women: â€Å"O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should you treat them with harshness, that you may take away part of the dowry you have given them except when they have become guilty of open lewdness. On the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and equity. If you take a dislike to them, it may be that you dislike something and God will bring about through it a great deal of good†. (Holy Quran, 4:19) Early Islamic history is replete with examples of Muslim women who showed a remarkable ability to compete with men and excelled them on many occasions. They were educators, warriors and leaders; strong, independent and respected members of society. Unfortunately, that isn’t the case in most of the Muslim world today. Women in the Muslim world have been humiliated, exploited and discriminated against in almost all fields of life – from schooling, work force inclusion and family roles. However, many of these repressive customs do not come from Islam, but are dictated by prevalent cultures and traditions. Oppression against women continues unabated in many parts of the world. Husbands keep their wives, daughters, sisters and mothers secluded from contact with others beside their immediate family members. Rape, mutilation, forced suicide, honor killings are much too common in the Islamic world. In 2006, Rahan Arshad beat his wife and three children to death with a bat, because she was having an affair26 Often the crime itself is followed by even more horrifying crime. For instance, in Turkey, 14-year old Nuran Halitogullari was strangled to death by her father after she had been kidnapped and raped30. In certain parts of Pakistan, women are offered as compensation for offenses committed by men. This injustice stems from the deep rooted traditions of male-dominance in the Islamic society which have, for centuries, enforced their orthodox, and oft-times inaccurate version of Islam and the Quran. Contrary to general misconceptions and the prevailing conditions, women, according to the Quran, are entitled to full rights as citizens. Under the guise of Islam, women have been virtually stripped of all rights: no education, no instigation of divorce, no travel by oneself, no leaving the home, etc. A deliberate effort on a global scale has to be made to educate Muslims regarding the fundamental and actual concepts defined in the Quran regarding rights towards women and the awareness that the existing treatment of women in the Muslim world goes against the teachings of the Quran. Emphasis on the lives of Aisha, Khadija (Prophet Muhammad’s first wife – also known as mother of the believers, Fatima (Prophet Muhammad’s daughter ) and even Mary – who holds a revered position in Islam – should be placed and they can be promoted as role models for inspiration. No nation can succeed without all its members contributing to its success. Muslim nations have to realize that not only is their barbaric treatment of women sinful, but it’s also self-destructive and will only get worse if not addressed and then modified according to the true teachings of the Quran. Treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. (Ismail 83). ? Works Cited Asthana, A. and Mistry. U. For Families that Fear Dishonor, There is Only One Remedy†¦ Murder. The Observer, 5 October, 2003. Bon, Gustave Le. The Arab Civilization. Paris: Firmin-Didot, 1884. Ismail, Imam Vehbi. Muhammad, the Last Prophet: The Last Prophet. Jordan: Amana

Strategic Position Sabmiller Company Commerce Essay

Strategic Position Sabmiller Company Commerce Essay SABMiller company has a positive strategy to promote the quantity and productivity of major markets, optimize and expand an established position in the market of developing countries, seeking value-added opportunities to strengthen its position as a global beer manufacturer in the international premium beer segment develop their own brand, and actively participate in the ongoing consolidation in the industry. SABMillers success depends on its strategic focus: a balanced and attractive global business, a strong brand portfolio and expand its operations worldwide activities in the relevant market, the style of performance appraisal, the development of a strong relevant market. 1.1.1 Corporate acquisition Acquisition a brand or a business is a way that can improve the companys competitiveness and increase its market share. For the SABMiller, if it buys a brand or business, it can acquire a new turnover. It can gain new locations as well as factories and shops. Not only that, but it will gain new products and technology enabling itself to enter a new market. By the way, corporate acquisition can also give SABMiller other benefits, such as, increased value generation, increase in cost efficiency and increase in  market share. So a good and right acquisition plan for the future of the SABMillers strategic position is very important. 3 1.1.2 Foreign operations For an international organization, like SABMiller, foreign market and operations are more important than locations. Foreign operations can reduce unit costs, spread economic risks and absorb excess capacity over a wider number of markets. Foreign operations can allow firms to set up production facilities of lower cost in locations close to raw materials and cheap labor. For example, china has a huge market share, SABMiller can enter Chinese beer market by some operations, and build factories in different cities, hire local labors to reduce costs. So SABMillers strategic position should more tend to foreign operations rather than local operations. 1.2 A new vision Nowadays SABMillers vision is to be the most admired company in the global beer industry, that including investment of choice, employer of choice, partner of choice. In the future, SABMiller can develop a new vision that to be the most innovation and technology company in the global beer industry. 1.2.1 Mission statement For the customers, SABMiller is staying responsive to consumers changing needs and desires are central to competitive success. Their products face competition from rival brands and from other types of leisure activity: if we fail to offer customer and consumers the best price, quality and service, the business will suffer and with it the wealth we create for all stakeholders. 4 For the products, SABMiller has a rigorous, group-wide approach to quality control and product safety. On most sites this is based around external standard system, such as ISO, NOSA. For the technology, water scarcity, low energy costs due to large-scale investment in fossil fuel alternatives. SABMiller has been researching how to make more beer using less water and reduce their energy and carbon footprint. For the concern of employees, SABMiller seeks to be a preferred employer. Employee development SABMiller seeks to create an environment in which all individuals and teams may develop their full potential for the benefit of themselves and the group. Employee diversity SABMiller companies understand and respect the wide range of human diversity in which they operate and encourage inclusiveness with regard to human resource practices, irrespective of (among others) nationality, race, gender and physical disabilities. 1.2.2 Strategic objective In the SABMiller, there are four major strategic objectives: creating a balanced and attractive global spread of businesses, developing strong, relevant brand portfolios that win in the local market, constantly raising the profitability of local businesses, Leveraging our skills and global scale. 1.3 Strategic options 5 There are three strategic options for SABMiller: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚  Product development à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡Market development à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢Diversification Porters Generic Strategies Cost leadership à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚   Differentiation à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢ Cost focus à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ Differentiation focus à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ Ansoffs Matrix Market penetration Product development à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚   Market development à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ Diversification à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢ The Bostons BCG Matrix Stars à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚   Question marks à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢ Cash cows à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ Dogs Option à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚   (Product development): Product development strategy, it is to point to in the current market by the improvement of current products or develop new products to expand sales strategy. Product development strategy can avoid enterprise temporarily, optionally, blind development and into some no market value of the products, and ignore that really can improve competitiveness in the market of products opportunity. Product development strategy is the enterprise product development of military road map to guide product development direction and road signs. 6 Analysis using Generic Strategies : For the product development, the most important thing is not developing new products but improving current products. So the best way is choosing cost leadership, reducing the cost of product as much as possible. SABMiller should focus on manufacturing cost and staff cost. As a beer company, SABMiller can research new technology that use less water to produce more beer. Then, they can build their factories in developing countries, such as Indian, China and Malaysia, using cheap labor to reduce the cost. Analysis using Ansoffs Matrix: SABMiller can extend its product by producing different variants, or packaging existing products it in new ways. Develop related products or services, shorten its time to market, or improve customer service or quality. Analysis using BCG Matrix: The further development of star product is the most important. In the SABMiller, there are at least five beers brands that are popular in South Africa, Miller Genuine Draft, Pilsner Urquell, Peroni, Amstel and Castle Light Lager. These five beers occupy the 75 percent market share in South Africa. So constantly expanding the market and improving these star products are the main strategies to SABMiller. Option à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¡ (Market development): Market development strategy is the enterprise in the complex market environment, to achieve specific marketing objectives and design of the long-term, stable action plan, form the guidance 7 enterprise marketing global goal and management policy. Market development strategy is the unity of the goal and means. No goal, we have no way, no strategic measures, the goal is not possible. Analysis using Generic Strategies : In the market development, SABMiller should use focus strategy, cost focus and differentiation focus. For the cost focus, SABMiller can try its best to decrease the cost, then they can decrease the price of their products, it is a good way to keep customers loyalty and get more new customers. For the differentiation focus, suppliers have power due to low volumes, but a differentiation-focused firm is better able to pass on supplier price increase. Analysis using Ansoffs Matrix: SABMiller can target different geographical markets, use different marketing channels, such as direct sales or online, if you through the trade selling, target different groups of people, perhaps with different genders or age groups from your normal customers. Analysis using BCG Matrix: In the field of product produce large amounts of cash, but the future growth prospects are limited. This is a leader of mature market, it is the source of enterprise cash. As the market has matured, the enterprise need not a lot of investment to expand the size of the market, at the same time as the market leader, this business enjoy economies of scale and high marginal profit advantages, thus brings to the enterprise to large amounts of cash flow. Enterprise often uses cash cows business to pay for the account 8 and support other business that need a large amount of cash. Cash cows for the business strategic framework mentioned stable strategy, purpose is to keep the market share of the SBUs. Option à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¢ (Diversification): Diversification involves growing the scope of products or markets served by an organization. Related diversification involves diversifying into products or services with relationships to the existing business. Analysis using Generic Strategies: A differentiation strategy for SABMiller products and competitors products that have significant differences to form the distinctive characteristics. SABMiller highlights the differences between its own products and competitors. Analysis using Ansoffs Matrix: Diversification can be a good choice, for SABMiller, but compared to other options, it is not very attractive. In fact, SABMiller is a publicly traded company that can manage their own portfolio harder for real portfolio management as a shareholder. It can work in favor of the SABMiller manufacturer, if you can add enterprise, the portfolio can support and complement its core beer business. Analysis using BCG Matrix: Diversification is to reduce the risk of investment, but it also has risk. So we should use question marks to analysis these diversified investment, a good investment can make products become to stars or cash cows but a bad investment can also mean that the investment is fail. If 9 SABMiller produce a new beer, it should analysis whether this beer can occupy the market share and have high growth. 1.4 Recommendation Above those three strategic options, I will recommend market development to SABMiller. SABMiller achieved great success in South Africa market, but to the world, the biggest market is China. Chinese customers consume forty-five million seven hundred and sixty thousand tons beer each year. If SABMiller can choose a correct market development strategy in China, it will get a greater development. 1.5 Conclusion The key point to SABMillers success is its management of strategic brand and its brand portfolio. But in the future, it has to face more challenge and competitive. SO SABMiller should continue improving its strategy, developing innovation and technology.

Mills :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper I shall explore the reasons behind why utility should be considered the â€Å"ultimate appeal on ethical questions,† as stated by Mill, and in ethical situations. In life, we should look to attain the greatest overall quality of life, which is done through obtaining happiness within ourselves. However, at the same time it is important to consider the pleasure of others as they, theoretically, would be doing the same for us. If people started to try and take advantage of others living this way and decided to become ‘free-riders,’ eventually the utilitarian system would break down and we would be left with a selfish world. This is why its maintenance is so important.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before continuing, I should give a definition of what I am referring to when speaking of utilitarianism. Taking the term literally, maximum utility results when the following process is undertaken: 1) look at the state of the world after each action made. Look in particular at the level of happiness experienced by people in each of their situations. 2) Add up, somehow, those levels of happiness experienced in each case. 3) And lastly, compare the results. The one that leads to the most amount of total happiness is the â€Å"right† one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When discussing utility in his book titled Utilitarianism written in 1863, Mill states: â€Å"Right and wrong, as well as truth and falsehood, are questions of observation and experience†¦morality must be deduced from principles...there ought to be some one fundamental principle or law, at the root of all morality, or if there be several, there should be a determinate order of precedence among them; and the one principle, or the rule for deciding between the various principles when they conflict, ought to be self-evident.† I find much importance in this statement because it seems so true. What we determine to be right or wrong comes from how we were brought up. Mill also states, â€Å"moral feelings are not innate, but acquired.† For example, I was raised in a family that believed that to go to church as many Sundays as possible was very important. However, to another person this could be less crucial if their parents raised them as, say, atheists. It seems like the beliefs of those who had the most impact on us as we grew up are the ones imbedded in us. Though this is fine for many, problems may arise when dealing in a situation where two people are dealing with one another in an ethical situation and the two individuals were raised in families of totally separated beliefs.

To Build A Fire: Theme Essay -- essays research papers

In the story "To Build a Fire" by Jack London, there are three principal themes. They are respecting nature, and considering results of actions. The main theme, or universal truth, is heeding warnings. The themes are shown through the character and his actions. The main character in the story had an attitude that prevented him from heeding internal and external warnings. He did not respect nature's power, and therefore he paid with his life.His attitude was arrogant and careless. The man had no imagination and only understood facts. He knew it was very cold and his body was numb, but he failed to realize the danger. A newcomer with no experience, he thought he was invincible. Neither the "absence of sun from the sky," nor "the tremendous cold" made any effect on him. For example, the temperature was less than -50 degrees. He did not care about how much colder it was. To him, it was just a number. He did not think of his "frailty as a creature of temperature." When the "old-timer at Sulphur Creek" warned him not to travel alone in such cold, the man laughed at him. The old-timer had experience and knowledge, yet the man called him "womanish." Even when the man knew he was about to die, he thought, "freezing was not so bad as people thought," and "When he got back to the States he could tell folks what real cold was." These quotes show that the man did not take his situation seriously. Instea...

Heart Failure Alert System Using Rfid Technology

The paper will be demonstrating for the first time ever the usage of wireless electrification systems and miniature sensor devices like RIFF passive Tags, that are smaller than a grain of rice and equipped with a tiny antenna which will capture and wirelessly transmit a person's vital body-function data, such as pulse or body temperature , to an integrated ground station. In addition, the antenna will also receive Information regarding the location of the individual from the GAPS (Global Positioning Satellite) System.Both sets of data medical Information and location will then be wirelessly transmitted to the ground station and made available to save lives y remotely monitoring the medical conditions of at-risk patients and providing emergency rescue units with the person's exact location. This paper gives a predicted general model for Heart Failure Alert System. It also discusses the Algorithm for converting the Analog pulse to Binary data in the tag and the Algorithm for Alerting t he Location & Tracking Station. It discusses in detail the various stages involved in tracking the exact location of the Victim using this technology. . Illumination It is tough to declare convincingly what is the most Important organ of our DOD Infant every organ has Its own Importance contributing and coordinating superbly to keep the wonderful machine the human body functioning smoothly. And one of the primary organs which the body cannot do without is the heart, 72 beats a minute or over a trillion in a lifetime. The pump house of our body pumping the blood to every corner of our body every moment, thus sending oxygen and nutrients to each and every cell.Over a period of time, the heart muscles go weak, the arteries get blocked and sometimes because of a shock a part of the heart stops functioning resulting in what is called a HEART ATTACK. Heart attack is a major cause of death and in today's tension full world It has become very common. Presently there Is no mechanism by which a device monitors a person's heart 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and gives him instant protection in case of problem. Our primary focus is on people with a history of heart problem as they are more prone to death due to heart ‘OFF Taller.In ten II/Us, a group AT clients at ten Lawrence Livermore Larboard realized that a handheld receiver stimulated by RFC power could send back a coded radio signal. Such a system could be connected to a simple computer and used to intro access to a secure facility. This system ultimately became one of the first building entry systems based on the first commercial use of RIFF. RIFF or Radio Frequency identification is a technology that enables the tracking or identification of objects using ICC based tags with an RFC circuit and antenna, and RFC readers that â€Å"read† and in some case modify the information stored in the ICC memory.RIFF is an automated data-capture technology that can be used to electronically identify, track, and stor e information about groups of products, individual items, or product components. The technology consists of three key pieces: ; RIFF tags. ; RIFF readers. ; A data collection and management system. RIFF tags: RIFF tags are small or miniaturized computer chips programmed with information about a product or with a number that corresponds to information that is stored in a database. The tags can be located inside or on the surface of the product, item, or packing material.The RFC tags could be divided in two major groups: Passive Group: where the power to energize the tags circuitry is draw from the reader generated field. Active Group: In this case the tag has an internal power resource, in general a battery that could be replaceable or not, in some case this feature limited the tag lifetime, but for some applications this is not important, or the tag is designed to live more than the typical time needed. RIFF readers: RIFF readers are querying systems that interrogate or send signals to the tags and receive the responses.These responses can be stored within the reader for later transfer to a data collection system or instantaneously transferred to the data collection system. Like the tags themselves, RIFF readers come in many sizes. RIFF traders are usually on, continually transmitting radio energy and awaiting any tags that enter their field of operation. However, for some applications, this is unnecessary and could be undesirable in battery-powered devices that need to conserve energy. Thus, it is possible to configure an RIFF reader so that it sends the radio pulse only in response to an external event.For example, most electronic toll collection systems have the reader constantly powered upon that every passing car will be recorded. On the other hand, RIFF scanners used in veterinarian's offices are frequently equipped tit triggers and power up the only when the trigger is pulled. The largest readers malign consist AT a desktop personal computer Walt a spec ial car Ana multiple antennas connected to the card through shielded cable. Such a reader would typically have a network connection as well so that it could report tags that it reads to other computers.The smallest readers are the size of a postage stamp and are designed to be embedded in mobile telephones. 2. General Model for Heart Failure Alert System The Heart Failure Alert System consists of : ; RIFF Tag (Implanted into Human body). ; RIFF Reader (Placed in a Cellular Phone). Global Positioning Satellite System. ; Locating & Tracking Station. ; Mobile Rescue Units. The grain-sized RIFF tag is implanted into the human body, which keeps track of the heart pulse in the form of voltage levels. A RIFF reader is placed into the cellular phone.The RIFF reader sends a command to the RIFF tag which in turn sends these voltage pulses in the form of bits using the embedded software in the tag as response which is a continuous process. These bit sequence is then sent to software program in the cellular phone as input and checks for the condition of heart allure. If any sign of failure is sensed then immediately an ALERT Signal will be generated and in turn results in the AUTODIAL to the Locating & tracking station. This station with the use of GAPS system comes to know the whereabouts of the victim. The locating and tracking station also simultaneously alerts the rescue units. . Working of Implanted RIFF Tags Passive RIFF systems typically couple the transmitter to the receiver with either load modulation or backscatter, depending on whether the tags are operating in the near or far field of the reader respectively. In the near field, a tag couples with a reader via electromagnetic inductance. The antennas of both the reader and the tag are formed as coils, using many turns of small gauge wire. The reader communicates with the tag by modulating a carrier wave, which it does by varying the amplitude, phase, or frequency of the carrier, depending on the design of the R IFF system in question.The tag communicates with the reader by varying how much it loads its antenna. This in turn affects the voltage across the reader's antenna. By switching the load on and off rapidly, the tag can establish its own carrier frequency really a sub carrier) that the tag can in turn modulate to communicate its reply. Hug: Oral sleaze RIFF lag RIFF tags are smaller than a grain of rice and equipped with a tiny antenna will capture and wirelessly transmit a person's vital body-function data, such as pulse and do not require line of sight.These tags are capable of identifying the heart pulses in the form of voltage levels and converts into a bit sequence. The first step in A-D Conversion is Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM). This takes an analog signal, samples it and generates a sequence of pulses based on the results of the Sampling measuring the amplitude at equal intervals) PC (Pulse Code Modulation) quantizes PAM pulses that is the method of assigning integral valu es in a specific range to sampled instances. The binary encoding of these integral values is done based on the algorithm BIN_ONCE depending on the average heart pulse voltage of the victim (Bag_pulse).Alga BIN_ONCE: Steps: Read the analog signals from the heart. Steps: Sample the analog signal and generate series of pulses based on the results of sampling based on the tag frequency. Steps: Assign integral values to each sampled instances generated. Steps: Consider every individual sampled unit and ampere with the average voltage level of the heart. Steps: If the sampled instance value is in between the average pulse values then assign BIT=O Otherwise assign BIT-I . Steps: Generate the bit sequence by considering all the generated individual sample instances.Fig: Analog-Binary Digits Conversion in Tags Working of RIFF reader inside cellular phone: The RIFF reader sends a pulse of radio energy to the tag and listens for the tags response. The tag detects this energy and sends back a r esponse that contains the tags serial number and possibly other information as well. In simple RIFF systems, he reader's pulse of energy functioned as an on-off switch, in more sophisticated systems, the reader's RFC signal can contain commands to the tag, instructions to read or write memory that the tag contains.Historically, RIFF readers were designed to read only a particular kind of tag, RIFF readers are usually on, continually transmitting radio energy and awaiting any tags that enter their field of operation. Fig: RIFF Reader in cellular phone. I en reader continuously sends ten command to ten tags Ana In turn receives ten voltage levels in the form of bit sequence as response from the tags with the help of the BIN_ONCE algorithm. The reader sends the received bit sequence to a software embedded in the cellular phone. In case of detection of a weak heart pulse this software automatically alerts the tracking & location station .